H-1B visa sponsors

U.S. employers ranked by H-1B petition volume in the public USCIS record. Open any one for its full approval/denial history and attested wages — then check your own offer against the prevailing wage. Official government data, shown neutrally.

GLOBAL INTELLECTUALS LLCBLOOMINGTON, MN · 40 petitions
GLOBALSOFT INCSAN JOSE, CA · 40 petitions
GMR MARKETING LLCNEW BERLIN, WI · 40 petitions
GRANITE CONSTRUCTION COMPANYLEWISVILLE, TX · 40 petitions
GROUP PMX LLCPORT WASHINGTON, NY · 40 petitions
GRUPO ANTOLIN-NORTH AMERICA INCAUBURN HILLS, MI · 40 petitions
HBK NEW YORK LLCDALLAS, TX · 40 petitions
HEADSPACE INCSANTA MONICA, CA · 40 petitions
HILL-ROM COMPANY INCBATESVILLE, IN · 40 petitions
HIRSCH BEDNER & ASSOCIATESSANTA MONICA, CA · 40 petitions
HMI NORTH AMERICA INCSAN JOSE, CA · 40 petitions
HOME DEPOT U S A INCATLANTA, GA · 40 petitions
HSU S GINSENG ENTERPRISES INCWAUSAU, WI · 40 petitions
HUNT OIL COMPANYDALLAS, TX · 40 petitions
HUNTER DOUGLAS INCBROOMFIELD, CO · 40 petitions
INTEGRATED STATISTICS INCORPORATEDWOODS HOLE, MA · 40 petitions
INTERNATIONAL COMPUTERWARE INCMARLBOROUGH, MA · 40 petitions
JAC PRODUCTS INCPONTIAC, MI · 40 petitions
JACK HENRY & ASSOCIATES INCMONETT, MO · 40 petitions
JACOBS TECHNOLOGY INC DBA JACOBSTULLAHOMA, TN · 40 petitions
JELD-WEN INCCHARLOTTE, NC · 40 petitions
KELLER WILLIAMS REALTY INCAUSTIN, TX · 40 petitions
KING AUTOMATION INCROEBUCK, SC · 40 petitions
KORN FERRY USLOS ANGELES, CA · 40 petitions
KOVAN TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS LLCHOUSTON, TX · 40 petitions
KRIYA SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS INCHOUSTON, TX · 40 petitions
LA CLINICA DE FAMILIA INCLAS CRUCES, NM · 40 petitions
LENDINGHOME CORPORATIONSAN FRANCISCO, CA · 40 petitions
LIVEVOX INCSAN FRANCISCO, CA · 40 petitions
LUCENT IT SOLUTIONS LLCSUGAR LAND, TX · 40 petitions
MARANA HEALTH CENTERMARANA, AZ · 40 petitions
MARELLI NORTH AMERICA INCFARMINGTON HILLS, MI · 40 petitions
MARITZ CONSULTING GROUPHOPKINS, MN · 40 petitions
MATCHPOINT SOLUTIONSPLEASANTON, CA · 40 petitions
MAXNET TECHNOLOGIES LLCHACKENSACK, NJ · 40 petitions
MCCORMICK & COMPANY INCHUNT VALLEY, MD · 40 petitions
MEREDITH CORPORATIONDES MOINES, IA · 40 petitions
METROPOLITAN UTILITIES DISTRICTOMAHA, NE · 40 petitions
MIDSYS INCSCOTTSDALE, AZ · 40 petitions
MOBILE APPS ENTERPRISES LLCATLANTA, GA · 40 petitions
MODERNA SERVICES INCCAMBRIDGE, MA · 40 petitions
MOEN INCORPORATEDNORTH OLMSTED, OH · 40 petitions
MOLOCO INCREDWOOD CITY, CA · 40 petitions
MT LAW LLCLEXINGTON, MA · 40 petitions
N2FORCE TECHNOLOGIES INCNAPERVILLE, IL · 40 petitions
NANOCUBE TECHNOLOGIES LLCFRANKFORT, KY · 40 petitions
NANOSYN INCSANTA CLARA, CA · 40 petitions
NEWRACOM INCLAKE FOREST, CA · 40 petitions
OCULII CORPDAYTON, OH · 40 petitions
OMA4 LLCALPHARETTA, GA · 40 petitions
P2S INCLONG BEACH, CA · 40 petitions
PAR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES INCCHESTNUT RIDGE, NY · 40 petitions
PERRY ELLIS INTERNATIONAL INCMIAMI, FL · 40 petitions
PERSONIFY INCAUSTIN, TX · 40 petitions
PLURALSIGHT LLCFARMINGTON, UT · 40 petitions
PPS INFOTECH LLCROCKVILLE, MD · 40 petitions
PRIME PHYSICIANS LLCFORT SMITH, AR · 40 petitions
PROXIM SYSTEMS INCCHARLOTTE, NC · 40 petitions
PUBLIC PARTNERSHIPS LLCBOSTON, MA · 40 petitions
QUALITAS INFOTECH INCPRINCETON JUNCTION, NJ · 40 petitions
RAB3 TECH LLCFAIRFAX, VA · 40 petitions
RANDEL SOLUTIONS LLCOVERLAND PARK, KS · 40 petitions
RAYS TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS INCCOLLIERVILLE, TN · 40 petitions
REFLEKTION INCSAN MATEO, CA · 40 petitions
REVATURE LLCRESTON, VA · 40 petitions
REVENUE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS LLCTAMPA, FL · 40 petitions
RM TECHNOTREE INCBELLEVUE, WA · 40 petitions
RNR SOFTWARE INCMETUCHEN, NJ · 40 petitions
SARA SOFTWARE SYSTEMS LLCOLATHE, KS · 40 petitions
SAVE THE CHILDREN FEDERATION INCFAIRFIELD, CT · 40 petitions
SB & COMPANY LLCOWINGS MILLS, MD · 40 petitions
SEZZLE INCMINNEAPOLIS, MN · 40 petitions
SHIPWIRE INCIRVINE, CA · 40 petitions
SHOPRUNNER INCCHICAGO, IL · 40 petitions
SICK INCBLOOMINGTON, MN · 40 petitions
SIERRA VISTA HOSPITALT OR C, NM · 40 petitions
SIGNATURE HEALTHCARE MEDICAL GROUPBROCKTON, MA · 40 petitions
SILVACO INCSANTA CLARA, CA · 40 petitions
SIMPLAIN SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS LLCWALNUT, CA · 40 petitions
SKILLMAZE INCIRVING, TX · 40 petitions
SMITHS MEDICAL ASD INCPLYMOUTH, MN · 40 petitions
SOFEC INCHOUSTON, TX · 40 petitions
SOLAI AND CAMERON INCORLANDO, FL · 40 petitions
SOONEST EXPRESS INCSOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, CA · 40 petitions
SOUND PHYSICIANS OF ILLINOIS LLCTACOMA, WA · 40 petitions
SOUTH DAYTON ACUTE CARE CONSULTANTDAYTON, OH · 40 petitions
SOUTHEASTERN REGIONAL MEDICAL CTRLUMBERTON, NC · 40 petitions
SOUTHWEST GAS CORPLAS VEGAS, NV · 40 petitions
SRINAV INCFREMONT, CA · 40 petitions
STRATACENT INCJERSEY CITY, NJ · 40 petitions
SUBEX INCBROOMFIELD, CO · 40 petitions
SYNACTIVE INCALAMEDA, CA · 40 petitions
TADA COGNITIVE SOLUTIONS LLCPEORIA, IL · 40 petitions
TECHSTAR SOLUTIONS INCHERNDON, VA · 40 petitions
THE MOUNT SINAI COMMUNITY FOUNDATICHICAGO, IL · 40 petitions
THE ROSKAMP INSTITUTE INCSARASOTA, FL · 40 petitions
THE TIMKEN COMPANYNORTH CANTON, OH · 40 petitions
THINKLUSIVE INCMONMOUTH JUNCTION, NJ · 40 petitions
TRIGINT SOLUTIONS LLCGAITHERSBURG, MD · 40 petitions
TRILLIANT NETWORKS INCCARY, NC · 40 petitions
UNIV OF GUAMMANGILAO, GU · 40 petitions
UNIV OF NORTHERN COLORADOGREELEY, CO · 40 petitions
UV TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS INCASHBURN, VA · 40 petitions
VIDEOJET TECHNOLOGIES INCWOOD DALE, IL · 40 petitions
VIVID EDGE CORPRESTON, VA · 40 petitions
VIVSOFT TECHNOLOGIES LLCASHBURN, VA · 40 petitions
VOLVO CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT NA LLSHIPPENSBURG, PA · 40 petitions
VQUEST TECHNOLOGIES LLCSHOREVIEW, MN · 40 petitions
WELLSTAR MEDICAL GROUP LLCMARIETTA, GA · 40 petitions
WILLIAMS WPC I LLCTULSA, OK · 40 petitions
WIT INCVIENNA, VA · 40 petitions
WYE OAK HEALTHCARE OF HYATTSVILLEHYATTSVILLE, MD · 40 petitions
ACCELERANT SOFTWARE INCFOOTHILL RANCH, CA · 40 petitions
AIG ASSET MANAGEMENT U S LLCJERSEY CITY, NJ · 40 petitions
AKIN GUMP STRAUSS HAUER & FELD LLPWASHINGTON, DC · 40 petitions
APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY LLCLISLE, IL · 40 petitions
BME & SON S INCBARRIGADA, GU · 40 petitions
BY DESIGN LLCNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
CIBECUE COMMUNITY SCHOOLCIBECUE, AZ · 40 petitions
ENERSYS DELAWARE INCREADING, PA · 40 petitions
EQUILAR INCREDWOOD CITY, CA · 40 petitions
HULT INTL BUSINESS SCHOOL INCCAMBRIDGE, MA · 40 petitions
KYNDRYLARMONK, NY · 40 petitions
L A WEB INCEL MONTE, CA · 40 petitions
MASTECH DIGITAL CONSULTING INC A MCORAOPOLIS, PA · 40 petitions
MEDIABRANDS WORLDWIDE INCNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
MOLECULAR DEVICES LLCSAN JOSE, CA · 40 petitions
NEW YORK INDEPENDENT SYSTEM OPERATORRENSSELAER, NY · 40 petitions
PBS ENGINEERS INCGLENDORA, CA · 40 petitions
PRESENCE CHICAGO HOSPITALS NETWORK D/B/A PRESENCE SAINT JOSEPH HOSPITAL CHICAGOCHICAGO, IL · 40 petitions
PRIMESOURCE BUILDING PRODUCTS INCIRVING, TX · 40 petitions
PSI INTERNATIONAL INCFAIRFAX, VA · 40 petitions
QUANTITATIVE RISK MANAGEMENT INCCHICAGO, IL · 40 petitions
SAGINAW VALLEY STATE UNIVUNIV CTR, MI · 40 petitions
SARAM SOLUTIONS INCAURORA, IL · 40 petitions
STRUCTURAL GROUP INCCOLUMBIA, MD · 40 petitions
SUN WEST MORTGAGE COMPANYBUENA PARK, CA · 40 petitions
SYMPHONY COMMUNICATION SERVICES LLCNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
US VIRGIN ISLANDS DEPARTMENT OF EDST THOMAS, VI · 40 petitions
VINSON & ELKINS LLPNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
ZAZZLE INCREDWOOD CITY, CA · 40 petitions
CONCENTRIX CVG CUSTOMER MANAGEMENT GROUP INCBEAVERTON, OR · 40 petitions
IBS SOFTWARE AMERICAS INC FKA IBS SOFTWARE SERVICES AMERICAS INC · 40 petitions
SCRIPT2IT INCROCKVILLE, MD · 40 petitions
SWEDISH HEALTH SVCSRENTON, WA · 40 petitions
THE UNITED ILLUMINATING COMPANYORANGE, CT · 40 petitions
VICTORIAS SECRET STORES LLCREYNOLDSBURG, OH · 40 petitions
LEKHA INCEDISON, NJ · 40 petitions
SEPCO GROUP INCBAKERSFIELD, CA · 40 petitions
CYBERTECH SYSTEMS & SOFTWARE INCFEASTERVILLE TREVOSE, PA · 40 petitions
IKNOWTION LLCBURLINGTON, MA · 40 petitions
LOGICA NORTH AMERICA INCHOUSTON, TX · 40 petitions
H I S INTERNATIONAL TOURS NY INCNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
TABATA OXFORD PERSONNEL LLCNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
LAGUARDIA COMMUNITY COLLEGELONG ISLAND CITY, NY · 40 petitions
SCINTEL TECHNOLOGIES INCDULUTH, GA · 40 petitions
HYPERMEDIA SYSTEMS INCLOS ANGELES, CA · 40 petitions
YALTECH CONSULTING INCHOUSTON, TX · 40 petitions
CLEARWELL SYSTEMS INCMOUNTAIN VIEW, CA · 40 petitions
ABYSS GROUP INCSTAMFORD, CT · 40 petitions
PALI SOLUTIONS INCSANTA ANA, CA · 40 petitions
NVISH SOLUTIONS INCPASO ROBLES, CA · 40 petitions
CDNETWORKS INCSAN JOSE, CA · 40 petitions
NEUSOFT AMERICA INCSANTA ANA, CA · 40 petitions
CUBIST PHARMACEUTICALS INCLEXINGTON, MA · 40 petitions
RIZ GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLCPITTSBURGH, PA · 40 petitions
ZETA INTERACTIVE CORPORATIONNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
THE UNIV OF TEXAS AT BROWNSVILLEBROWNSVILLE, TX · 40 petitions
UNIV HOSPITAL INCCINCINNATI, OH · 40 petitions
JINON CORP DBA NIJIYA MARKETTORRANCE, CA · 40 petitions
BSC SOLUTIONS INCTROY, MI · 40 petitions
GE HEALTHCARE BIO SCIENCES CORPWAUKESHA, WI · 40 petitions
OSF SAINT FRANCIS MEDICAL CTRPEORIA, IL · 40 petitions
CGN & ASSO INCPEORIA, IL · 40 petitions
NETXERT INCANN ARBOR, MI · 40 petitions
ARBOR NETWORKS INCCHELMSFORD, MA · 40 petitions
THE PROGRESSIVE STEP CORPMILWAUKEE, WI · 40 petitions
TOPEKA PUBLIC SCHOOLSTOPEKA, KS · 40 petitions
GLOBAL COMPUTER ENTERPRISES INCRESTON, VA · 40 petitions
TELEFONICA USA INCMIAMI, FL · 40 petitions
MEMC ELECTRONIC MATERIALS INCSAINT PETERS, MO · 40 petitions
TOSHIBA MED RESEARCH INST USA INCVERNON HILLS, IL · 40 petitions
EVERBANKJACKSONVILLE, FL · 40 petitions
TECHQUENCH INCEDISON, NJ · 40 petitions
DOVE SCIENCE ACADEMYTULSA, OK · 40 petitions
MEDIA CREATION TECHNOLOGIES INCLOS ANGELES, CA · 40 petitions
MAVIN SYSTEMS INCKING OF PRUSSIA, PA · 40 petitions
EGAIN COMMUNICATIONS CORPMOUNTAIN VIEW, CA · 40 petitions
DIALOGIC INCDALLAS, TX · 40 petitions
STAGE STORES INCHOUSTON, TX · 40 petitions
UNIV OF THE PACIFICSTOCKTON, CA · 40 petitions
MINDJET LLCSAN FRANCISCO, CA · 40 petitions
BECKMAN RESEARCH INSTITUTEDUARTE, CA · 40 petitions
FOXCONN EMS INCHOUSTON, TX · 40 petitions
MONITISE AMERICAS LLCPROVIDENCE, RI · 40 petitions
DENTSU MCGARRY BOWEN LLCNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
MOUNT AUBURN HOSPCAMBRIDGE, MA · 40 petitions
CONTICO CORPEDISON, NJ · 40 petitions
U S TECH SOLUTIONS INCJERSEY CITY, NJ · 40 petitions
CONEMAUGH VALLEY MEMORIAL HOSPJOHNSTOWN, PA · 40 petitions
MERU NETWORKS INCSUNNYVALE, CA · 40 petitions
SAINT FRANCIS HOSPEVANSTON, IL · 40 petitions
REHABILITATION INST OF CHICAGOCHICAGO, IL · 40 petitions
THE UNIV OF KANSAS MED CTRKANSAS CITY, KS · 40 petitions
EAST BATON ROUGE PARISH SCH SYSWESTMINSTER, CA · 40 petitions
SIRF TECH INC A MEMBER OF THE CSRSAN JOSE, CA · 40 petitions
ASPIRE LOGIX SOLUTIONS INCMANASSAS, VA · 40 petitions
AMERICAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CADDISON, TX · 40 petitions
MARRIOTT INTL INCBETHESDA, MD · 40 petitions
UNIV OF NORTH FLORIDAJACKSONVILLE, FL · 40 petitions
ROHM & HAAS CHEMICALS LLC A SUBSIDPHILADELPHIA, PA · 40 petitions
BOSTON MED CTR CORPORATIONBOSTON, MA · 40 petitions
SUMMIT PHYSICIAN SERVICESCHAMBERSBURG, PA · 40 petitions
UCHICAGO ARGONNE LLC OPERATOR OF AARGONNE, IL · 40 petitions
TARGET CORPORATE SVCS INCMINNEAPOLIS, MN · 40 petitions
CHASSIXSOUTHFIELD, MI · 40 petitions
FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION DHHSBETHESDA, MD · 40 petitions
UNIV OF WISCONSIN PLATTEVILLEPLATTEVILLE, WI · 40 petitions
OPEN SOCIETY FOUNDATIONSNEW YORK, NY · 40 petitions
APOGEE MEDICAL GROUP NM INCDALLAS, TX · 40 petitions
HANBON MI II INC D/B/A TECHNICAL ETROY, MI · 40 petitions
GALLUP-MCKINLEY COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOGALLUP, NM · 40 petitions
DYS TECHNOLOGIES INCORLANDO, FL · 40 petitions
REAN CLOUD LLCHERNDON, VA · 40 petitions
CAPGEMINI AMERICA INC THROUGH ITSDAYTON, OH · 40 petitions
COGNIZANT TRIZETTO SOFTWARE GR INCCOLLEGE STATION, TX · 40 petitions
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASODALLAS, TX · 40 petitions
BAKER HUGHES A GE COMPANY LLCHOUSTON, TX · 40 petitions
SHREWDSOFT INCWILMINGTON, DE · 40 petitions
3 GIS LLCDECATUR, AL · 39 petitions
ABD SOLUTIONS INCCHANTILLY, VA · 39 petitions
ACCESS BUSINESS GROUP INTL LLCADA, MI · 39 petitions
AEGIS PROJECT CONTROLS CORPSILVER SPRING, MD · 39 petitions
AMAZEE GLOBAL VENTURES INCROCKAWAY BCH, NY · 39 petitions
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INST FOR PUBLIWASHINGTON, DC · 39 petitions
AMNET NEW YORK INCNEW YORK, NY · 39 petitions
ASCENSION ST JOHN HOSPITALGROSSE POINTE, MI · 39 petitions
AUTOMATED PRECISION INCROCKVILLE, MD · 39 petitions
AVI TECHNOLOGIES INCCHANTILLY, VA · 39 petitions
AYLA NETWORKS INCMILPITAS, CA · 39 petitions
BASS PRO LLCSPRINGFIELD, MO · 39 petitions
BBVABIRMINGHAM, AL · 39 petitions
BIOVERATIV THERAPEUTICS INCWALTHAM, MA · 39 petitions
BLUE LOTUS SYSTEMS INCVIENNA, VA · 39 petitions
BOSCH SECURITY SYSTEMS INCFARMINGTON HILLS, MI · 39 petitions
BRAINCO INCSOMERVILLE, MA · 39 petitions
CARE EVERYWHERE LLCNATICK, MA · 39 petitions
CARLETON COLLEGENORTHFIELD, MN · 39 petitions
CATCHPOINT SYSTEMS INCNEW YORK, NY · 39 petitions
CHAINALYSIS INCNEW YORK, NY · 39 petitions
CHILDREN S MEDICAL CTR OF DALLASDALLAS, TX · 39 petitions
CIS TECHNOLOGIES INCIRVING, TX · 39 petitions
CLOUD BRIDGE SOLUTIONS INCNASHUA, NH · 39 petitions
CLUNE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LPCHICAGO, IL · 39 petitions
COMMUNICATION EXPERTS INCSOUTH PLAINFIELD, NJ · 39 petitions
COMPLETE GENOMICS INCSAN JOSE, CA · 39 petitions
CONTROL INFOTECH INCMORRISVILLE, NC · 39 petitions
COWEN AND COMPANY LLCNEW YORK, NY · 39 petitions
CREATIVE SYSTEMS & CONSULTING LLCMC LEAN, VA · 39 petitions
CTS CORPORATIONLISLE, IL · 39 petitions
DATANET SYSTEMS CORPORATIONWASHINGTON, DC · 39 petitions
DEETA IT SOLUTIONS INCMIDDLESEX, NJ · 39 petitions
DESIGNER BRANDS INC F/K/A DSW INCCOLUMBUS, OH · 39 petitions
DIVERSEY INCFORT MILL, SC · 39 petitions
DOLE PACKAGED FOODS LLCWESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA · 39 petitions
DST HEALTH SOLUTIONS LLCKANSAS CITY, MO · 39 petitions
EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITYRICHMOND, KY · 39 petitions
EASTRAY TECHNOLOGIES INCFAIRFAX, VA · 39 petitions
EDAG INCTROY, MI · 39 petitions
EDU INFOTECH INTERNATIONAL RES INCCONYERS, GA · 39 petitions
EDWARD JONESSAINT LOUIS, MO · 39 petitions
EMPOWER RETIREMENT LLCENGLEWOOD, CO · 39 petitions
EXCYL INCTROY, MI · 39 petitions
FAITH REGIONAL PHYSICIAN SVCS LLCNORFOLK, NE · 39 petitions
FARMER S BUSINESS NETWORK INCSAN CARLOS, CA · 39 petitions
FEDERATED WIRELESS INCARLINGTON, VA · 39 petitions
FINANCE OF AMERICA HOLDINGS LLCHORSHAM, PA · 39 petitions
FIVE BELOW INCPHILADELPHIA, PA · 39 petitions
FLUKE CORPORATIONEVERETT, WA · 39 petitions
FOLEY HOAG LLPBOSTON, MA · 39 petitions
FRONTAGE TECHNOLOGIES INCROCHESTER, MN · 39 petitions
FRONTIDA BIOPHARM INCPHILADELPHIA, PA · 39 petitions
FUNARO CO PCNEW YORK, NY · 39 petitions
GAINSIGHTCHESTERFIELD, MO · 39 petitions
GE RENEWABLES GRID LLCSAN RAMON, CA · 39 petitions
GM INFOTECH LLCHOUSTON, TX · 39 petitions
HEARTLAND DENTAL LLCEFFINGHAM, IL · 39 petitions
HILL ROM SERVICES INCBATESVILLE, IN · 39 petitions
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION INCMINNEAPOLIS, MN · 39 petitions
HYPER V SOLUTIONS LLCCOLUMBIA, SC · 39 petitions
ITEK PEOPLE INCFARMINGTON, MI · 39 petitions
J KNIPPER AND COMPANY INCLAKEWOOD, NJ · 39 petitions
JACOBS CIVIL CONSULTANTS INCENGLEWOOD, CO · 39 petitions
JOHNSON JOHNSONNEW BRUNSWICK, NJ · 39 petitions
K9 SYS INCCOLUMBUS, OH · 39 petitions
KARGO GLOBAL INCNEW YORK, NY · 39 petitions
KOCH BUSINESS SOLUTIONS LPWICHITA, KS · 39 petitions
KRISH INFO TECH INCCORAOPOLIS, PA · 39 petitions
LAKHI INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIESFRISCO, TX · 39 petitions
LEGACY COMMUNITY HEALTH SVCS INCHOUSTON, TX · 39 petitions